简易精神状态检查
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简易精神状态检查(MMSE)——概况
简易精神状态检查(Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)最初被开发为一种简短的筛查工具,用于对认知障碍提供定量评估,并记录认知随时间的变化(Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1975)。自那时起,人们认识到对同一来访者重复使用MMSE会降低其效度,因此建议若两次测试间隔时间较短,不要对同一个体重复使用该筛查工具。该量表应用于检测认知障碍的存在,而非提供诊断(Folstein, Robins, & Helzer, 1983)。自1993年起,MMSE附有一张对照表,可根据年龄和教育水平确定患者特异性常模(Crum, Anthony, Bassett, & Folstein, 1993)。该量表为筛查工具,证据审核时间截至2010年11月7日之前。
简易精神状态检查(MMSE)——的目的
MMSE简要测量以下功能:时间和地点定向力、即刻回忆、短期言语记忆、计算能力、语言能力、结构能力。该量表最初用于在精神科环境中检测痴呆,现已广泛使用,发布者为Folstein等(1975年)。
简易精神状态检查(MMSE)——的测试项目与分量表
MMSE由11个简单问题或任务组成,考察算术、记忆和定向等多种功能。各分量表及分值如下:
- 定向力(Orientation):10分
- 识记(Registration):3分
- 注意与计算(Attention and calculation):5分
- 回忆(Recall):3分
- 语言(Language):9分
简易精神状态检查(MMSE)——的施测规则
由经过培训的访谈者施测,通过直接观察任务完成情况进行,因此不适用于代理人代答。
简易精神状态检查(MMSE)——的评分方法
总分为答对条目数,满分30分。一般公认的划界分:小于等于23分提示存在认知障碍(Ruchinskas & Curyto, 2003)。
损害程度分级(Tombaugh & McIntyre, 1992):24-30分无损害,18-23分轻度损害,0-17分重度损害。较新的划界分建议(Folstein, Folstein, McHugh, & Fanjiang, 2001):大于等于27分无损害,21-26分轻度损害,11-20分中度损害,小于等于10分重度损害。
年龄与教育的影响(Crum et al., 1993):与年龄呈负相关,18-24岁中位数为29分,80岁及以上降至25分;与教育呈负相关,受教育大于等于9年中位数为29分,5-8年为26分,0-4年为22分。Crum等(1993)提供了按年龄和教育水平确定的常模对照表,可根据患者特异性情况解释分数。
简易精神状态检查(MMSE)——的测试时间
约10分钟。
简易精神状态检查(MMSE)——需要培训吗?
关于MMSE培训的报道很少;但已开发出标准化版本(Molloy & Standish, 1997)。
简易精神状态检查(MMSE)——需要什么样的设备?
无需任何专门设备,高度便携、低成本。
简易精神状态检查(MMSE)——适合哪些患者群体?
可用于:脑卒中患者(Agrell & Dehlin, 2000; Ozdemir et al., 2001; Grace et al., 1995; Suhr & Grace, 1999)。
不应用于或慎用于的情况:
- 对右侧脑卒中患者的认知障碍检测无效(Grace et al., 1995)。
- 不适用于代理人代答(需直接观察)。
- 因高度依赖语言,可能错误分类失语症患者。
- 在全科诊断痴呆的能力有限,应仅作为整体认知评估的一部分(Wind et al., 1997)。
- 被批评试图在一个简短测试中评估过多功能;单个条目或单一领域表现可能比总分更有用(Tombaugh & McIntyre, 1992);但用于筛查视觉或言语记忆、定向或注意问题时无法确定可接受的划界分(Blake et al., 2002)。
- 分数受年龄、教育水平、种族和社会文化背景影响,可能引入偏倚,如高教育轻度痴呆者可能得正常分,低教育者可能因题目难而得低分被误诊(Tombaugh & McIntyre, 1992; Bleeker et al., 1988; Lorentz et al., 2002; Shadlen et al., 1999);但Agrell和Dehlin(2000)的研究中年龄和教育未影响分数。
- 对脑卒中患者缺乏敏感度(Blake et al., 2002; Suhr & Grace, 1999; Nys et al., 2005)、轻度认知障碍者(Tombaugh & McIntyre, 1992; de Koning et al., 1998)及右半球病灶患者敏感度低(Dick et al., 1984);提高敏感度的方案:加画钟测验,或改用NCSE(神经行为认知状态检查)(Schwamm et al., 1997)。
- Da Costa等(2010):6个月随访中,文盲与受教育脑卒中患者的NIHSS临床严重程度均显著改善(P<0.001),但仅受教育者MMSE分数显著改善(P=0.008);受教育程度显著影响MMSE分数。
- 年轻完好个体呈明显天花板效应,中重度损害个体呈明显地板效应(Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1998)。
可用语言:包括中文在内的50余种语言版本(如南非荷兰语、荷兰语、英语、法语、德语、希伯来语、意大利语、日语、韩语、葡萄牙语、俄语、西班牙语、瑞典语、土耳其语等)。授权译本可联系版权方Psychological Assessment Resources(PAR)获取。
简易精神状态检查(MMSE)——的心理测量学特性
地板/天花板效应:Folstein, Folstein, and McHugh(1998)报告年轻完好个体呈明显天花板效应;中重度损害个体呈明显地板效应。
信度——内部一致性(9项研究:3项报告差、1项充分、2项差至极佳、2项极佳、1项在阿尔茨海默病患者中极佳但在认知障碍患者中差):Tombaugh & McIntyre(1992)26年文献综述报告差至极佳(alpha=0.54-0.96);McDowell, Kristjansson, Hill, & Hebert(1997)报告充分(alpha=0.78);Holzer, Tischler, Leaf, & Myers(1984)在社区样本n=4917中报告充分(alpha=0.77),各条目从定向差(0.43)至识记极佳(0.82);Kay et al.(1985)在274名70岁以上人群中报告差(alpha=0.68);Foreman(1987)在66名65岁以上住院内外科患者(正常/痴呆/谵妄)中报告极佳(alpha=0.96);Jorm, Scott, Henderson, & Kay(1988)在269名老年人中报告高教育组差(0.54)、低教育组差(0.65);Albert & Cohen(1992)在40名重度认知障碍老年住院者中报告MMSE小于等于10分者差(0.56),全分数范围纳入时极佳(0.90);Tombacgh, McDowell, Kristjansson, & Hubley(1996)在65-89岁社区居住者(无认知障碍n=406,阿尔茨海默病n=119)中报告无认知障碍组差(0.62)、阿尔茨海默病组佳(0.81);Hopp, Dixon, Grut, & Backman(1997)在44名75岁以上无痴呆成人中报告差(alpha=0.31-0.52)。
重测信度(6项研究:2项极佳、1项充分、1项充分至极佳、1项差至充分、1项差):Tombaugh & McIntyre(1992)综述报告间隔小于2个月时差至极佳(r=0.38-0.99),30项研究中24项极佳(r大于0.75);Folstein et al.(1975)报告24小时内极佳(r=0.89)、28天(抑郁和痴呆患者)极佳(r=0.99);Schmand, Lindeboom, Launer, Dinkgreve, Hooijer, & Jonker(1995)报告1年(健康老人)充分(Spearman's r=0.58),提示不适合检测细微认知损害;Hopp et al.(1997)报告6/12/18个月充分至极佳(r=0.56-0.80);Olin & Zelinski(1991)报告12个月(57名无痴呆老人)差(换用备选注意条目r=0.34,同一注意条目r=0.23);Uhlmann, Larson, & Buchner(1987)报告12个月(痴呆门诊患者)极佳(r=0.86);Mitrushina & Satz(1991)报告1年充分(r=0.45-0.50)、2年差(r=0.38)。原文指出Pearson相关系数可能高估信度,现已不用于重测信度评估。
评定者内/评定者间信度(3项研究:1项极佳、2项充分):Molloy & Standish(1997)报告传统MMSE的ICC充分(0.69);Dick et al.(1984)在神经疾病患者中报告kappa=0.63,充分;Fabrigoule, Lechevallier, Crasborn, Dartigues, & Orgogozo(2003)在50名受训全科医生和心理学家中发现全科医生与心理学家间分数有显著差异,一致性相关系数0.87;O'Connor et al.(1989)在5名编码员评定54名75岁以上患者的录音访谈中报告极佳(平均kappa=0.97)。
效度——标准效度:Jones和Gallo(2000)识别出5个因子(注意集中、语言与运用、定向、记忆、注意),支持MMSE作为社区居住老年人认知心理状态测量的结构效度。
同时效度:Friedl, Schmidt, Stronegger, Fazekas, & Reinhart(1996)与Mattis痴呆评定量表(MDRS)相关差(r=0.29);Folstein et al.(1975)与WAIS言语IQ极佳(r=0.78)、操作IQ极佳(r=0.66);Hopp et al.(1997)与WAIS-R言语IQ充分(r=0.36-0.52)、操作IQ充分(r=0.37-0.57);Dick et al.(1984)在126名神经科患者中与WAIS充分(言语r=0.55,操作r=0.56);Agrell & Dehlin(2000)与Barthel指数、MADRS、Zung抑郁量表均显著相关;Diamond, Felsenthal, Macciocci, Butler, & Lally-Cassaly(1996)在52名老年康复住院患者中与FIM变化分数无关联(r=0.10),MMSE(结合年龄)与入院(r=0.58)和出院(r=0.49)功能状态充分相关。
预测效度:Ozdemir et al.(2001)在43名脑卒中患者中报告基线MMSE总分与出院运动FIM改善相关(r=0.31),定向分分数与功能性步行改善相关(r=0.31);Diamond et al.(1996)报告高度预测出院去向(r=0.68),MMSE最高四分位者仅8%入住养老院,最低四分位者62%入住养老院;Aguero-Torres, Fratiglioni, Guo, Viitanen, von Strauss, & Winblad(1998)报告无痴呆者中MMSE是3年后发生功能依赖的最强预测因子之一;Matsueda & Ishii(2000)在162名髋部骨折老人中报告初始MMSE与步行水平显著相关,依赖组均值6.6分,部分依赖组17.9分,独立组24.6分;Huusko, Karppi, Avikainen, Kautiainen, & Sulkava(2000)在痴呆+髋部骨折患者中报告中度痴呆(12-17分)住院中位数干预组47天对对照组147天,轻度痴呆(18-23分)29天对46.5天;Pettigrew, Thomas, Howard, Veltkamp, & Toole(2000)报告随机化后低MMSE分数与死亡风险增加显著相关,随机化后发生脑卒中者MMSE分数显著且持续下降。
结构效度——聚合效度:Snowden et al.(1999)在140名阿尔茨海默病登记患者中与MDS认知表现分充分相关(Spearman's r=-0.45,负号因两量表方向相反)。区分效度:Winograd et al.(1994)与体能与移动性检查相关差(r=0.36);Macnight & Rockwood(1995)与HABAM(平衡与移动分层评估)相关差(r=0.15)。已知组效度:Wetherell, Darby, Emerson, & Miller(1997)报告可区分阿尔茨海默病与额颞叶痴呆;Kase, Wolf, Kelly-Hayes, Kannel, Beiser, & D'Agostino(1998)报告脑卒中患者基线卒中前MMSE显著低于匹配对照,可区分左、右半球脑卒中,右半球卒中者在定向和语言域显著下降,左半球卒中者在除记忆外的全部5个域显著下降。
敏感度与特异度:报告的敏感度低,尤其在轻度认知障碍个体中(Tombaugh & McIntyre, 1992; de Koning et al., 1998),可能因偏重语言条目且缺乏视觉空间评估条目(Grace et al., 1995; de Koning et al., 1998; Suhr & Grace, 1999)。Blake et al.(2002)报告脑卒中后认知障碍检测最佳划界分小于24,特异度良好(88%),敏感度中等(62%),但无法确定用于评估视觉或言语记忆缺陷的合适划界分;Nys, van Zandvoort, de Kort, Jansen, Kappelle, & de Haan(2005)在34名脑卒中患者+34名健康对照中未找到敏感度大于80%且特异度大于60%的最佳划界分。
可接受性:施测简短;患者变量(年龄、教育水平、社会文化背景)可能影响分数;需直接观察,不适合代理人使用。可行性:无需专门设备,高度便携且低成本;但一项研究报告医生认为MMSE过于冗长且无法提供太多有用信息。
简易精神状态检查(MMSE)——的版本
3MS——改良简易精神状态检查(Modified Mini-Mental State Examination,Teng & Chui, 1987):扩展版,增加了评估条目的内容、数量和难度,总分0-100分,认知障碍标准化划界分为79/80,施测比原版多约5分钟。Grace等(1995)在老年脑卒中患者中的比较研究结果:重测信度极佳(r=0.80);与神经心理学评估组及MMSE遗漏的认知域相关;对功能结局(FIM)的预测显著优于MMSE;敏感度高于MMSE(69%对44%),特异度相近(80%对79%);3MS的AUC=0.798。
3MS+画钟测验(Clock-drawing)(Suhr & Grace, 1999):增加画钟(结构能力简单测量)后,对右半球脑卒中患者局灶性脑损伤的检测敏感度提高至87%,约需额外增加2分钟施测时间。
SMMSE——标准化MMSE(Molloy & Standish, 1997):为提高信度而制定严格的施测与评分指南。48名老年人参与,大学生随机施测MMSE或SMMSE,分3个场合测试;评定者间方差降低76%,评定者内方差降低86%;施测时间更短(SMMSE平均10.5分钟对MMSE 13.4分钟);ICC:MMSE为充分(0.69),SMMSE为极佳(0.90)。
ALFI-MMSE——电话版(Roccaforte, Burke, Bayer, & Wengel, 1992):包含原版30项中的22项,多数删除自最后一部分(语言和运动技能)。100名老年门诊患者验证:电话版与面对面版相关性极佳(Pearson's r=0.85);患者面对面测试得分略高于电话测试;敏感度67%、特异度100%(社区居住老年人),与传统MMSE(敏感度68%、特异度100%)相似。
T-MMSE——26项版ALFI-MMSE(Roccaforte等,转引自Newkirk, Kim, Thompson, Tinklenberg, Yesavage, & Taylor, 2004):26分改编版,含三步指令(说你好、敲电话听筒3次、然后说我回来了),新增问题为请患者提供一个通常能联系到本人的电话号码;与MMSE相关性极佳(r=0.88);听力障碍和受教育年限与T-MMSE得分无关;两量表共有的22分上相关性极佳(r=0.88),但电话得分倾向低于面对面得分;作者提供了T-MMSE分数转换为MMSE分数的对照表。
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