画钟测试
注意!该文章为贵州三易医疗器械有限公司原创整理编辑,不经过本公司书面同意,不得以任何方式,包括但不限于电子、纸质的方式进行复制、传播及转载。原始发布时间:2026年8月29日。
画钟测试概况
画钟测试(Clock Drawing Test,CDT)是一个简单的任务操作测试,其最基本形式仅要求患者绘制一个时钟。CDT用于快速评估视空间能力与运用功能,并可能发现注意障碍和执行功能障碍(Adunsky等,2002;Suhr等,1998;McDowell与Newell,1996)。它可作为其他快速筛查测试如简易精神状态检查(Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)和功能独立性量表的补充,属于筛查工具。CDT属非言语任务,可用任何语言施测,语言种类对测试表现无直接影响(Borson等,1999)。
画钟测试的目的
CDT用于快速筛查视空间与运用能力,同时可检测注意与执行功能障碍。因其采用非言语反应,适用于有言语困难但具备足够理解力、能理解任务要求的患者。临床证明它在区分正常老年人、神经退行性或血管疾病患者以及抑郁症、精神分裂症等精神障碍患者方面有用。
画钟测试的测试项目与分量表
CDT有多种变式,无典型报告的分量表:
- 自由绘制时钟(口头指令):给患者一张白纸,要求先画出钟面轮廓,再放入1至12的数字,最后画出指针指示给定时间
- 预绘圆时钟(口头指令):提供预先画好的圆,患者只需放置数字和指针,以避免轮廓绘制不佳影响数字填写
- 临摹指令版:给患者一个已画好并标有特定时间的时钟,要求尽可能准确地复制
- 时钟阅读测试:临摹版的改良形式,仅要求患者读出检查者所画时钟指示的时间
口头指令版可同时评估语言功能(言语理解)、记忆功能(视觉印迹的回忆、短时存储和时间设定指令的回忆)和执行功能,对颞叶功能障碍(因涉及记忆和语言过程)及额叶功能障碍(因介导执行计划)高度敏感(Shah,2002)。临摹指令和时钟阅读测试则较少依赖语言和记忆,更依赖视空间与知觉过程,适合评估顶叶病变(如可能导致单侧忽略的患者)。对每位患者应同时做口头指令版和临摹版,因为颞叶病变患者可能临摹良好而口头指令画钟表现数字间距差、时间设定错误;顶叶病变患者则可能相反,临摹时出现明显的忽略迹象。
关于时间设定:临床最常用「3点」,虽能充分评估理解和运动执行,但因完全不需使用钟面左半而无法发现左侧忽略。「11点10分」是理想设定(Kaplan,1988),它迫使患者注意整个钟面,并要求将指令「10」重新编码为钟面上的数字「2」,还能发现刺激绑定错误,即患者受钟面上数字「10」的吸引,将分针错误地画向数字「10」而非「2」。
画钟测试的施测规则
根据所选变式,要求患者自由绘制、在预绘圆内填写或临摹时钟,并画出指针指示给定时间。完成画钟各变式约需1-2分钟(Ruchinskas与Curyto,2003)。
画钟测试的评分方法
CDT有多种评分方法,评分用于评价错误或变形,如遗漏数字、数字位置错误或间距不当(McDowell与Newell,1996)。评分系统可简可繁,可为定量或定性。若仅作为快速初筛工具检测认知损害是否存在,可使用简单的定量方法(Lorentz等,2002);若需更复杂的评估,定性评分系统更有价值。不同评分方法适用于不同人群(Richardson与Glass,2002;Heinik等,2004)。在脑卒中患者中尚无单一标准化评分方法。
Suhr等(1998)在76例脑卒中患者和71名对照者中使用6种评分系统(Freedman等1994;Ishiai等1993;Mendez等1992;Rouleau等1992;Sunderland等1989;Tuokko等1992;Watson等1993;Wolf-Klein等1989)评估画钟表现,发现对照组与脑卒中患者在所有评分系统的定量和定性特征上均有显著差异。定量指标无法区分不同卒中分组(左对右对双侧;皮质对皮质下;前部对后部),而定性特征有助于病灶侧化和区分皮质下与皮质组。South等(2001)在脑卒中患者中比较了Rouleau评定量表(1992)、Freedman评分系统(1994)和Libon修订系统(1993)3种评分方法,结果显示这些系统在脑卒中患者中可靠。
画钟测试的测试时间
所有变式约需1-2分钟完成,即使最复杂的施测与评分系统也仅需约2分钟。
进行画钟测试之前需要进行培训吗?
CDT可由几乎未接受认知评估培训的人员施测。Scanlan等(2002)发现未经培训的评分者对画钟作简单二分评定(正常或异常)在区分有无痴呆上效果惊人地好,但未培训评分者的常见错误是未能识别钟面数字间距不当为异常,针对此类错误加以指导可提高与专家评分者的一致性。
画钟测试需要什么样的设备?
仅需纸和铅笔。根据所选方法,可能需要预先在纸上画好一个直径约10厘米的圆。CDT价格低廉、高度便携,可在无法或不宜进行较长测试的场合施测。
画钟测试适合哪些患者群体使用?
几乎适用于任何患者人群(Wagner等,1995)。因其需要非言语反应,可用于有言语困难但能理解任务要求的脑卒中患者。不适用于无法理解口头或书面指令的患者以及不能书写的患者。CDT受年龄、教育程度、视觉忽略和偏瘫等状况以及抑郁等因素影响(Ruchinskas与Curyto,2003;Lorentz等,2002),且侧重右半球功能,故应与其他神经心理测试联合使用(McDowell与Newell,1996)。
画钟测试的心理测量学特性
各施测与评分系统的心理测量学特性总体一致,且各形式与其他认知测量高度相关(Scanlan等,2002;Ruchinskas与Curyto,2003;McDowell与Newell,1996)。
信度方面:重测信度报告包括Manos与Wu(1994)报告内科患者0.87、外科患者0.94(2天间隔,优秀);Tuokko等(1992)报告4天间隔0.70(满意);Mendez等(1992)报告3个月0.78和6个月0.76(优秀);Freedman等(1994)报告使用「11点10分」设定及检查者画钟时重测信度为0.94(优秀)。评分者间信度报告包括Sunderland等(1989)系数为0.86-0.97;Rouleau等(1992)为0.92-0.97;Mendez等(1992)为0.94;Tuokko等(1992)为0.94-0.97;改良Shulman量表为0.94-0.97;Manos与Wu(1994)为0.88-0.96;Freedman等(1994)自由绘制钟为0.79-0.99、预绘轮廓为0.84-0.85、检查者画钟为0.63-0.74,均属优秀。South等(2001)在20例脑卒中患者中比较3种评分方法,采用组内相关系数测量,显示评分者间与评分者内信度均优秀,其中Libon系统在不同领域的信度存在差异,Rouleau与Freedman系统均在优秀范围。
效度方面:Shulman(2000)的综述指出多数研究的灵敏度和特异度约为85%,认为CDT与MMSE等广泛使用的测试联合应用可显著推进痴呆的早期检出;但Powlishta等(2002)认为CDT不是筛查极轻度痴呆的有用工具,Borson与Brush(2002)及Storey等(2001)也认为CDT不应单独作为痴呆筛查测试。Nishiwaki等(2004)在75岁以上老年人群中发现,护士施测时CDT检出中重度认知损害(MMSE分数=17)的特异度分别为77%和87%,邮寄施测时分别为40%和91%,结论是CDT可作为面对面简短筛查工具但检出较轻认知损害的能力较差。针对脑卒中的研究:Adunsky等(2002)在151例急性脑卒中康复住院患者中发现CDT与MMSE及认知FIM的相关系数r为0.51-0.59,支持满意的同时效度。Bailey等(2000)评估老年脑卒中患者的半侧忽略测试组合,认为CDT在评估表象性忽略方面效度可疑,且作为忽略筛查工具的效用未获支持,原因包括评分的主观性,以及任务可能反映认知损害、结构性失用或计划能力受损。反应性不适用。
画钟测试的版本
CDT的主要变式包括:口头指令版的自由绘制时钟与预绘圆时钟;临摹指令版与时钟阅读测试;时间设定以「11点10分」为理想设定。另有改良整合版画钟测试(Clock Drawing Test-Modified and Integrated Approach,CDT-MIA),为4步、20个条目的工具,总分最高33分,强调对轮廓、数字、指针和中心的区分评分,整合了Freedman等(1994)的条目定义、Paganini-Hill等(2001)的评分技术和Royall等(1998)执行性CLOX的部分条目;CDT-MIA在痴呆人群中可靠且有效,但尚未在脑卒中人群中验证(Heinik等,2004)。施测用的预绘圆可从量表相关文献资源下载。
画钟测试的参考文献
- Adunsky, A., Fleissig, Y., Levenkrohn, S., Arad, M., Nov, S. (2002). Clock drawing task, mini-mental state examination and cognitive-functional independence measure: relation to functional outcome of stroke patients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 35(2), 153-60.
- Bailey, M. J., Riddoch, J., Crome, P. (2002). Evaluation of a test battery for hemineglect in elderly stroke patients for use by therapists in clinical practice. Neurorehabilitation, 14(3), 139-150.
- Borson, S., Brush, M., Gil, E., Scanlan, J., Vitaliano, P., Chen, J., Cahsman, J., Sta Maria, M. M., Barnhart, R., Roques, J. (1999). The Clock Drawing Test: Utility for dementia detection in multiethnic elders. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 54, M534-40.
- Dastoor, D. P., Schwartz, G., Kurzman, D. (1991). Clock-drawing: An assessment technique in dementia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Gerontology, 13, 69-85.
- Freedman, M., Leach, L., Kaplan, E., Winocur, G., Shulman, K. I., Delis, D. C. (1994). Clock Drawing: A Neuropsychological Analysis (pp. 5). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Friedman, P. J. (1991). Clock drawing in acute stroke. Age and Ageing, 20(2), 140-145.
- Heinik, J., Vainer-Benaiah, Z., Lahav, D., Drummer, D. (1997). Clock drawing test in elderly schizophrenia patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 653-655.
- Heinik, J., Solomesh, I., Berkman, P. (2004). Correlation between the CAMCOG, the MMSE and three clock drawing tests in a specialized outpatient psychogeriatric service. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 38, 77-84.
- Heinik, J., Solomesh, I., Lin, R., Raikher, B., Goldray, D., Merdler, C., Kemelman, P. (2004). Clock drawing test-modified and integrated approach (CDT-MIA): Description and preliminary examination of its validity and reliability in dementia patients referred to a specialized psychogeriatric setting. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, 17, 73-80.
- Ishiai, S., Sugishita, M., Ichikawa, T., Gono, S., Watabiki, S. (1993). Clock drawing test and unilateral spatial neglect. Neurology, 43, 106-110.
- Kaplan, E. (1988). A process approach to neuropsychological assessment. In: T Bull & BK Bryant (Eds.), Clinical neuropsychology and brain function: Research, measurement, and practice (pp. 129-167). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
- Kaplan, R.F., Verfaillie, M., Meadows, M., Caplan, L.R., Pessin, M. S., DeWitt L. (1991). Changing attentional demands in left hemispatial neglect. Archives of Neurology, 48, 1263-1267.
- Kinsella, G., Packer, S., Ng, K., Olver, J., Stark, R. (1995). Continuing issues in the assessment of neglect. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 5, 239-258.
- Lee, H., Lawlor, B. A. (1995). State-dependent nature of the Clock Drawing Task in geriatric depression. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 43, 796-798.
- Lorentz, W. J., Scanlan, J. M., Borson, S. (2002). Brief screening tests for dementia. Can J Psychiatry, 47, 723-733.
- Manos, P. J., Wu, R. (1994). The Ten Point Clock Test: A quick screen and grading system for cognitive impairment in medical and surgical patients. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 24, 229-244.
- McDowell, I., Newell, C. (1996). Measuring Health. A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Mendez, M. F., Ala, T., Underwood, K. L. (1992). Development of scoring criteria for the clock drawing task in Alzheimers disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 1095-1099.
- Nishiwaki, Y., Breeze, E., Smeeth, L., Bulpitt, C. J., Peters, R., Fletcher, A. E. (2004). Validity of the Clock-Drawing Test as a Screening Tool for Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly. American Journal of Epidemiology, 160(8), 797-807.
- Paganini-Hill, A., Clark, L. J., Henderson, V. W., Birge, S. J. (2001). Clock drawing: Analysis in a retirement community. J Am Geriatr Soc, 49, 941-947.
- Powlishta, K. K., von Dras, D. D., Stanford, A., Carr D. B., Tsering, C., Miller, J. P., Morris, J. C. (2002). The Clock Drawing Test is a poor screen for very mild dementia. Neurology, 59, 898-903.
- Richardson, H. E., Glass, J. N. (2002). A comparison of scoring protocols on the clock drawing test in relation to ease of use, diagnostic group and correlations with mini-mental state examination. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, 169-173.
- Rouleau, I., Salmon, D. P., Butters, N., Kennedy, C., McGuire, K. (1992). Quantitative and qualitative analyses of clock drawings in Alzheimers and Huntington's. Brain and Cognition, 18, 70-87.
- Royall, D. R., Cordes, J. A., Polk, M. (1998). CLOX: an executive clock drawing task. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 64, 588-594.
- Ruchinskas, R. A., Curyto, K. J. (2003). Cognitive screening in geriatric rehabilitation. Rehabil Psychol, 48, 14-22.
- Scanlan, J. M., Brush, M., Quijano, C., Borson, S. (2002). Comparing clock tests for dementia screening: naïve judgments vs formal systems – what is optimal? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(1), 14-21.
- Shah, J. (2001). Only time will tell: Clock drawing as an early indicator of neurological dysfunction. P&S Medical Review, 7(2), 30-34.
- Shulman, K. I., Gold, D. P., Cohen, C. A., Zucchero, C. A. (1993). Clock-drawing and dementia in the community: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 8(6), 487-496.
- Shulman, K. I. (2000). Clock-drawing: Is it the ideal cognitive screening test? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 548-561.
- Shulman, K., Shedletsky, R., Silver, I. (1986). The challenge of time: Clock-drawing and cognitive function in the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1, 135-140.
- South, M. B., Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., Adams, D. (2001). Inter-rater reliability of Three Clock Drawing Test scoring systems. Applied Neuropsychology, 8(3), 174-179.
- Spreen, O., Strauss, E. A. (1991). Compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Storey, J. E., Rowland, J. T., Basic, D., Conforti, D. A. (2001). A comparison of five clock scoring methods using ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatr, 16, 394-9.
- Sunderland, T., Hill, J. L., Mellow, A. M., Lowlor, B. A., Grundersheimer, J., Newhouse, P. A., Grafman, J. H. (1989). Clock drawing in Alzheimer's disease: a novel measure of dementia severity. J Am Geriatr Soc, 37(8), 725-729.
- Suhr, J., Grace, J., Allen, J., Nadler, J., McKenna, M. (1998). Quantitative and Qualitative Performance of Stroke Versus Normal Elderly on Six Clock Drawing Systems. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 13(6), 495-502.
- Tracy, J. I., De Leon, J., Doonan, R., Musciente, J., Ballas, T., Josiassen, R. C. (1996). Clock drawing in schizophrenia. Psychological Reports, 79, 923-928.
- Tuokko, H., Hadjistavropoulos, T., Miller, J. A., Beattie, B. L. (1992). The Clock Test, a sensitive measure to differentiate normal elderly from those with Alzheimer disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 579-584.
- Wagner, M. T., Nayak, M., Fink, C. (1995). Bedside screening of neurocognitive function. In: L. A. Cushman & M. J. Scherer (Eds.), Psychological assessment in medical rehabilitation: Measurement and instrumentation in psychology (pp. 145-198). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Watson, Y. I., Arfken, C. L., Birge, S. J. (1993). Clock completion: An objective screening test for dimentia. J Am Geriar Soc, 41(11), 1235-40.
- Wolf-Klein, G. P., Silverstone, F. A., Levy, A. P., Brod, M. S. (1989). Screening for Alzheimer's disease by clock drawing. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 37, 730-734.